1. Using the PowerWorld Simulator, create three input data files: bus input data, line input data, and transformer input data as shown in Figure 4. Note that bus 1 is the swing bus. Your output for this part consists of three power-flow input data files. 2. Run the power flow program and obtain the bus, line, and transformer input/output data files that you prepared in Part 1. 3. The Bus voltage magnitude should be between 0.98 < V < 1.03 per unit at all buses during both light and heavy loads. Find two settings for the compensation, one for light and one for heavy loads. Hint: Use Shunt Compensation.Case 1: Normal condition Case 2: Light Load Condition (60%) Case 3: Heavy Load Condition (120%) along with a one-paragraph explanation of your methods for increasing/decreasing the voltage at all buses within the range. 4. Compute subtransient fault currents for a bolted three-phase-to-ground fault at bus 2, 5 ,6, and transmission line L5-6. Also compute bus voltages during the faults and the positive- sequence bus impedance matrix. Assume 1.0 per-unit prefault voltage. Neglect prefault load currents and all losses. Your output for this part consists of three input data files and three output data (fault currents, bus voltages, and the bus impedance matrix) files. 5. Compute sub-transient fault currents for (1) single-line-to-ground, (2) line-to-line, and (3) double line-to-ground bolted faults at bus 2, 5 ,6 and transmission line L5-6. Also compute the zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence bus impedance matrices. Assume 1.0 per-unit prefault voltage. Also, neglect prefault load currents and all losses. 6. By using this simulator, the user can determine whether the given system can still operate under an acceptable state in certain contingencies. Assume the bus voltages should be maintained within +10% of the rated voltage. Investigate whether the system will remain secure: 1. When the transmission line between buses 4 and 6 is out of service. 2. When the transmission line between buses 2 and 5 is out of service. 3. When the transformer between buses 3 and 4 is out of service. 4. When the Generator at bus 1 is out of service

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The circuit shown in Figure 2 is based on Arduino and is designed to control the movement in a restricted area. It includes two inputs – an LDR sensor and a PIR motion sensor – and two outputs: an LED that illuminates when the LDR sensor detects darkness in the area, and a buzzer that produces a sound when the PIR sensor is triggered by the movement of a person in the restricted area. Build the circuit of Figure 1 in Proteus? b) Using Arduino IDE, write a program that can read the input states and give the appropriate outputs based on the following conditions: Condition 1: If the PIR motion sensor is triggered and the LDR sensor detects brightness, sounds only the speaker. Condition 2: If the PIR Mention sensor is not triggered and the LDR sensor detects darkness, turn ON the LED_RED. Condition 3: If the PIR motion sensor is triggered and the LDR sensor detects dark, both LED_RED and Speaker are switched ON Condition 4: If the Switch (PIR motion sensor) is not triggered and the LDR sensor is in brightness, no output is provided c) Upload the program written in (b) in the proteus and test the circuit functionality.

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One-line diagram, together with the bus and line data, of a 5-bus power system is shown below; the system will be referred to as utility A. Solve the following problems using the PowerWorld Simulator. 1. For the power system of utility A, use the PowerWorld program to find the MVAr rating of a shunt capacitor at bus 3 that increases V3 to 1.00 p.u. Determine the effect of the capacitor bank on the line loading and total I2R losses. 2. Run the original power flow for utility A. Do you find any voltage violations? (The normal range of bus voltages is assumed to be 0.95-1.05 p.u.) Now suppose both transformers in this system are tap changing transformers whose taps can be varied from 0.85 to 1.15 p.u. in increments of 0.05 p.u. Determine the tap settings required to increase the voltage at bus 3 to 0.95 p.u., while causing as few high voltage violations as possible at the other buses. 3. A new transformer is installed between buses 2 and 5, in parallel with the existing transformer between buses 2 and 5. The new transformer is identical to the existing transformer. The taps on both transformers are set to the nominal value, 1.0 p.u. Find the real power, reactive power and MVA supplied by each of these transformers to bus 5. 4. Refer to the one-line diagram of utility A. Suppose an additional line is installed between buses 3 and 4. The line parameters of the added line are equal to those of the existing line 3-4. Determine the effects on the voltage at bus 3, line loading and total I2R losses. 5. In problem 2 you already ran the power flow for utility A and detected low voltage violations. Place a capacitor at bus 3 to bring the bus 3 voltage up to 0.95 p.u. Determine the size of the capacitor bank. Now suppose the line between buses 3 and 5 is removed for maintenance. Run the power flow again. Is the operating condition acceptable? If not, determine the amount of load you have to shed at bus 3 in order to maintain the bus 3 voltage above 0.95 p.u. Cut the same percentage of MW and MVAr at bus 3.

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Project 1: Construct the simple two-bus power system as shown in Figure 1. The nominal system voltage is 20-kV. Bus 1 is the system slack bus. Figure 1 1. Construct the network of one-line diagram based on the specifications given in the diagram from Fig.1. On the diagram, put the labels showing the following: (a) Active, reactive and apparent powers generated by the generator (b) Transmission Losses in term of MW and Mvar (c) Bus 1 and 2 voltages (in kV) (phase angle in degree) 2. When the output of the shunt capacitor is 0-Mvar solve and run the network and activate animation to show both MW and Mvar power flow. 3. Observe what happens when the MVA limit of the transmission line is 20 MVA. Comment on the result. Set the limit of the transmission line back to 40 MVA. 4. Observe the transmission line loss when its series resistance and reactance are changed to 0.4 and 0.8 pu. Observe the bus voltages and comment on the voltage regulation. 5. Change the line impedance back to its original value. Vary the reactive power of the shunt capacitor in steps from 0 to 20 Mvar. At each step, record the voltage at bus 2 and the transmission line losses. Plot the results and Page 1 of 12 Page 2 of 12 COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOG Y COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY determine the situation when optimal voltage regulation is achieved (Use Excel to plot the results). 6. Assume that half the time the load is 25 MW/14 Mvar, and for the other half it is 30 MW/18 Mvar. What single value of Qcap would minimize the average losses? Assume that Qcap can only be varied in 0.5 Mvar steps. Capacit or Bus 2 Transmission Losses Mvar Voltag e Ploss Qlo ss

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