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A counter-current double pipe heat exchanger (as shown in Figure 4) is constructed from stainless steel (thermal conductivity ks = 20 W m−1 K−1) and consists of an inner pipe with an inner diameter of di = 20 mm and an outer diameter of do = 24 mm. The outer pipe has an inner diameter of Di = 40 mm. The hot stream, an oil (mass flow rate 𝑚𝐻̇ = 2 kg s−1 , density ρH = 900 kg m−3 , heat capacity Cp,H = 1.8 kJ kg−1 K−1 , dynamic viscosity μH = 0.01 Pa s, and thermal conductivity kH = 0.15 W m−1 K−1) flows through the inner pipe with an inlet temperature of TH1 = 165 ºC and an exit temperature of TH2 = 115 ºC. The cold stream, water, flows through the annulus with an inlet temperature of TC1 = 15 ºC, an exit temperature of TC2 = 45 ºC, and a convective heat transfer coefficient of hwater = 5500 W m−2 K−1 .
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